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Anointing in Everyday Life and Biblical Language

The Hebrew Scriptures use various words for anointing, greasing, or rubbing with oil. The Hebrew verb “sukh” is often used for a common application of oil, as in the case of grooming or refreshing the body. (Daniel 10:3) The same nuance appears in Ruth 3:3, where Naomi instructs Ruth to wash herself, put on perfume, and “anoint” herself, reflecting a normal custom. The Greek Scriptures similarly use the term “a·leiʹpho” for such a practice. (John 11:2) By contrast, there is a more solemn significance attached to the Hebrew verb “ma·shachʹ” and its noun form “ma·shiʹach,” from which the word “Messiah” arises, and to the Greek verb “khriʹo” and its nominal form “khri·stosʹ,” giving us “Christ.” (Exodus 30:30; Luke 4:18; Acts 4:26) This consistent linguistic distinction highlights the difference between everyday greasing with oil and a more sacred act of consecration.

In regions where the Bible record took place, oil was widely used for daily personal care. Olive oil commonly protected and nourished exposed skin, helping individuals cope with the sun’s heat. (2 Samuel 12:20) Perfumes were added at times to make the oil fragrant, marking special occasions or hospitable gestures. These customs, though seemingly mundane, also stood as analogies for spiritual truths throughout the biblical record.

Jesus once commended those who acted out of reverence and hospitality by greasing him with oil. (Luke 7:38, 46) Even the preparation of a body for burial included oil-based substances, as shown in Luke 23:56, consistent with the local customs. Although such applications do not convey a sacramental concept, the practice can become symbolic. For instance, the apostles, sent out by Jesus in pairs, greased many sick people with oil. This did not make the oil itself miraculous; rather, the miraculous restoration was by the operation of the Spirit through God’s power. (Mark 6:13; Luke 9:1)

To abstain from personal grooming was often a sign of mourning or contrition. (2 Samuel 14:2; Daniel 10:2-3) Conversely, greasing the face and head in ordinary circumstances carried connotations of favor, courtesy, and an overall sense of well-being. (Psalm 23:5) Such outward symbols would prove meaningful in the spiritual lessons taught by Jesus and his apostles.

Ceremonial Consecration

The act of anointing rises to its apex in Scripture when it designates a formal, divine appointment. The Hebrew “ma·shachʹ” is used to set individuals or even objects apart for holy service. The oil symbolized an investiture by divine authority, setting the recipient apart for a specific sacred function. (Exodus 30:30) The one performing the ceremony did so at God’s direction, emphasizing that the real power came from Jehovah’s choice, not from the oil itself.

Aaron, the brother of Moses, was anointed as high priest. (Leviticus 8:12) The holy oil ran from his head to his garments, setting him apart for a priesthood that prefigured a future High Priest. His sons, though also priests, were not anointed in the exact same manner, further underscoring Aaron’s unique responsibility as high priest. Other objects in the tabernacle were similarly anointed at Jehovah’s command, showing that both persons and items would be dedicated for sacred use. (Exodus 30:26-28)

The composition of the consecrated anointing oil is recorded in the Scriptures as a unique blend of costly substances. (Exodus 30:22-25) This sacred mixture was forbidden for ordinary use. (Exodus 30:31-33) Such restrictions elevated the ritual significance of consecration, marking it as an appointment that carried the authority of Jehovah’s word.

Kings and Leaders Chosen by Jehovah

The Hebrew Scriptures present the anointing of kings as a formal seal of divine appointment. Samuel, acting under God’s instruction, anointed Saul as the first king over Israel. (1 Samuel 10:1) Later, David received a similar appointment. (1 Samuel 16:13) David’s role highlights repeated acts of anointing: once by Samuel, then by the tribe of Judah, and finally by all Israel. (2 Samuel 2:4; 2 Samuel 5:3) These symbolic ceremonies showed that Jehovah guided the process through his chosen representative, making David’s anointing an unequivocal divine appointment.

Some nations beyond Israel had parallel ceremonies. The Hebrew Scriptures record that certain non-Israelite rulers or leaders were also said to be anointed by Jehovah for a task, even if no actual oil was poured on their heads. (1 Kings 19:15-16) A noteworthy example is the Persian king Cyrus, who would subdue Babylon. Isaiah 45:1 describes him as Jehovah’s “anointed,” even though he was not literally anointed with the sacred oil by a Hebrew prophet. The principle stood that once Jehovah selected and appointed someone, that individual could be termed “anointed” by virtue of divine decree.

The True Messiah: Anointed by Spirit

Prophecies converged on Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah—literally, the “Anointed One.” (Matthew 1:16) He was anointed, not with physical oil, but with Jehovah’s Spirit at the moment of his baptism. (Matthew 3:16) Psalm 2:2 refers to him as Jehovah’s Anointed, and the Greek Scriptures consistently testify to Jesus’ role as the Christ. (Acts 4:26-27) He was declared God’s chosen King, Prophet, and High Priest, fulfilling the roles all combined in his person.

Unlike any king in David’s line, Jesus received his anointing directly from Jehovah without the mediation of human hands. (Hebrews 1:8-9; Psalm 45:7) In the synagogue at Nazareth, he quoted Isaiah 61:1, proclaiming himself the One upon whom the Spirit of Jehovah rested in full measure: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me.” (Luke 4:18) This statement harmonized with centuries of prophetic anticipation, identifying him as the promised Messiah whose rule would be everlasting.

Anointing and the Christian Congregation

According to the Scriptures, Jesus alone was anointed personally and directly by Jehovah. As the Head of the Christian congregation, he extends an anointing of the Holy Spirit to his Spirit-begotten disciples. (2 Corinthians 1:21) This is illustrated by the Israelite high priestly pattern: only Aaron received the oil poured on his head, while his sons were sprinkled with a measure of that same oil, symbolizing their priestly share. (Leviticus 8:12, 30) In an analogous way, Jesus is anointed as the High Priest, and his faithful congregation receives a share of that anointing through Christ. (Acts 2:1-4, 32-33)

For Christians who were anointed with the Holy Spirit in the apostolic age, this special appointment signaled their calling to a heavenly inheritance as kings and priests with Christ. (1 Peter 1:3-4; Revelation 20:6) The apostle John spoke of an anointing that “teaches you about all things.” (1 John 2:27) While the miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit served a foundational role in that first-century era, the basic principle remains that genuine Christian anointing is an appointment toward a priestly function in union with Christ’s redeeming work.

Symbolic Anointing for Spiritual Strength

Though literal anointing ceremonies continued in some contexts, the concept came to hold a deeper, spiritual meaning. For example, James 5:13-16 frames prayer and calling the older men of the congregation for help when someone faced spiritual sickness. The “greasing with oil” in the name of Jehovah indicates a figurative treatment. As the older men apply Scriptural counsel and pray for the spiritually ailing one, the moral and emotional healing can follow, the sins are forgiven, and the effect is refreshing like a healing balm. This anointing draws upon the same imagery that made the physical act of greasing with oil a welcome relief for the body.

In the book of Revelation, Jesus advises the Laodicean congregation to “buy from me eyesalve to anoint your eyes that you may see.” (Revelation 3:18) The figurative salve corresponds to spiritual discernment gained from Scripture, an insight that cures spiritual blindness. It shows that anointing can represent the divine remedy for the heart, mind, and soul, preparing one to serve properly and perceive godly truths with clarity.

Reverence for Jehovah’s Anointed

Throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, there are repeated warnings against raising a hand against Jehovah’s anointed ones. (Psalm 2:2, 5) David, himself the anointed king, had several opportunities to act against Saul, but he refused, recognizing that it was Jehovah who appointed and would judge His anointed. (1 Samuel 24:6; 1 Samuel 26:11, 23) The principle applied not just to kings, but to any whom Jehovah selected for specific service.

A measure of that principle remains important in today’s Christian mindset: Godly respect is owed to those who humbly serve in ministerial responsibilities. Individuals chosen for special tasks must carry out their service with fidelity, knowing the appointment ultimately comes from Jehovah through Christ. (1 Chronicles 16:22) Just as David recognized that harming Jehovah’s anointed would provoke divine displeasure, believers likewise show caution in how they treat those appointed for ministry in the congregation. (Luke 18:7)

Human Kingship and Divine Sovereignty

Israel’s practice of anointing earthly kings always stood under Jehovah’s sovereignty. Kings were appointed to carry out God’s will, but their authority was never absolute. The ceremony that poured oil on their heads reminded them that they were not self-appointed rulers. Instead, they served a covenant relationship under divine oversight. (2 Kings 9:1-6) Similarly, the Scriptures hold that secular rulers ultimately exist by permission of God’s providence, though many do not acknowledge or worship Jehovah. (Daniel 2:21)

Such a biblical worldview safeguards against the idea of attributing unlimited authority to human governments. Even for individuals not literally anointed, the term “anointed” at times signifies God’s direct choice. Hazael, Jehu, and Elisha were said to be anointed by Jehovah. (1 Kings 19:15-16) Yet the only one recorded as anointed with literal oil among them was Jehu. Elisha was Jehovah’s appointed prophet, and Hazael was set apart to be king over Syria. Jehovah’s overarching authority validated these appointments, demonstrating how the concept of anointing implies special selection more profound than simply a human ritual.

The Sacred Oil and Its Exclusive Purpose

In the wilderness arrangement, Jehovah prescribed a unique combination of ingredients for the sacred anointing oil. Myrrh, sweet cinnamon, sweet calamus, cassia, and olive oil were blended to form a unique compound. (Exodus 30:22-25) None could use it for secular purposes. Violating this command carried a capital penalty. (Exodus 30:31-33) The severity of the restriction emphasized the holy standing of priests and items set apart for service in the tabernacle.

This exclusivity also foreshadowed the uniqueness of Christ. Once the Messiah had arrived, no other figure could hold the combination of King, Prophet, and High Priest in one person. The formula for anointing oil was specifically unique to the tabernacle setting, in parallel with the matchless nature of Jesus’ anointing. (Hebrews 5:5-6)

The Gradual Unfolding of God’s Purpose

Anointing stands among the themes woven through the Scripture record. (Genesis 28:18-19) The patriarch Jacob anointed a memorial pillar to Jehovah at Bethel, observing an inspired dream that disclosed divine promises to him. Jehovah later acknowledged that anointed pillar. (Genesis 31:13) The continuity found in these anointing accounts, from the patriarchal era to the Mosaic Law, from ancient kings to the ultimate Messiah, underscores the ever-unfolding plan of God.

The earliest references to anointing laid a groundwork for deeper fulfillments. Kings and priests emerged in Israel as preliminary models of the Messiah’s roles. The law-coded ceremony of pouring oil over individuals or objects pointed forward to something more important. Jesus’ anointing at the Jordan River signified the final and perfect embodiment of everything ancient anointings foreshadowed. By receiving the Spirit without measure, Jesus became the ultimate Prophet like Moses, the ultimate King like David, and the ultimate Priest like Aaron.

Anointing as Evidence of Divine Favor

Scripture repeatedly presents anointing as tangible confirmation of God’s favor or sanction upon a person or object. Aaron’s garments were sanctified by that oil, marking him in a unique state of holiness for priestly service. (Leviticus 8:12, 30) Kings Saul, David, and Solomon were recognized by Israel after being anointed. Once appointed, their status could not be lightly challenged, although they were still accountable to Jehovah.

The Davidic line continued to anticipate a perfected reign. Later Jewish expectation of the Messiah involved a direct line from David, validating the biblical teaching about an anointed deliverer. (Isaiah 11:1-2) The divine favor resting upon that Anointed One would realize the best attributes of an earthly anointed king, but without human imperfection. This ultimate demonstration of anointing would align with Jehovah’s broader plan for redemption through Christ.

Christ’s Triple Office

The Scriptural portrayal of the Anointed One as Prophet, Priest, and King becomes evident in Jesus. No one else in Scripture is anointed to hold all three roles simultaneously. Old Testament references show prophets, priests, and kings as separate offices, except in special circumstances such as Melchizedek’s role as king-priest. Yet even Melchizedek’s function foreshadowed something more final, culminating in Jesus. (Psalm 110:4; Hebrews 7:15-17)

As a Prophet, Jesus spoke for Jehovah and fully represented divine truth. (Acts 3:20-26) As the High Priest, he surpassed Aaron by offering the perfect and once-for-all sacrifice. (Hebrews 9:11-14) As King, he stands at Jehovah’s right hand, exalted to a heavenly throne. (Hebrews 1:3) Jehovah Himself appointed Jesus to each of these roles. The anointing with the Holy Spirit was superior to any oil-based rite and was validated by visible signs and God’s own approval. (Matthew 3:16-17)

The Anointing Shared with Christ’s Followers

In examining the Christian congregation, the New Testament shows that the principle of anointing extended to faithful individuals called to a heavenly inheritance. After Jesus was raised in ____ C.E. and ascended to heaven, the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost in about 33 C.E. marked the beginnings of that broader anointing. (Acts 2:1-4) Those disciples became co-sharers with Christ in a spiritual sense. (Ephesians 1:13-14)

The apostle Paul declared that God “has anointed us” and sealed the congregation. (2 Corinthians 1:21-22) This anointing was not an external ceremony but rather the bestowal of Jehovah’s Spirit upon those chosen. Their spiritual vocation included the ministry of reconciliation, bringing others to recognize the way of salvation made possible through Christ’s ransom. (2 Corinthians 5:5) This was a holy appointment, a charge to declare the gospel, properly grounded in the historical-grammatical interpretation of Scripture.

John’s letter wrote of this anointing as a source of teaching truth. (1 John 2:20, 27) That assurance allowed first-century Christians to identify and reject false teachings. They were granted discernment through that Spirit. The source was God himself, working through Jesus Christ, guaranteeing accurate guidance and biblical instruction, rather than ephemeral emotional experiences. Such an anointing did not suggest flamboyant miracles or charismatic worship but rather a deeper spiritual authority in teaching and living out the truths contained in God’s Word.

Faithful Imitation of Christ’s Anointing

Christ’s sacrifice and exaltation opened the way for believers to share in an inheritance with him. (Romans 8:17) Although the term “anointing” can sound ceremonial, the reality points to a continuous spiritual alignment with Christ’s example. Christians, however, are not guided by private revelations or mystical experiences. They look to the spirit-inspired Scriptures for guidance and remain grounded in the message that Christ taught. (2 Timothy 3:16-17)

True devotion avoids showy displays of religious zeal, paralleling Jesus’ teaching that believers should “grease their heads and wash their faces” when fasting, making no show of asceticism. (Matthew 6:16-17) This ensures that acts of worship center on sincerity before Jehovah, not on public accolades or ostentation. The anointing they share is not visible oil poured upon heads. Rather, it is a spiritual reality shaping their identity, ministry, and moral conduct.

Moses as a ‘Christ’

Moses was referred to as a “Christ” in the sense that he was an anointed or appointed deliverer and mediator for Israel, even without being anointed with literal oil. (Hebrews 11:24-26) His appointment by Jehovah to lead Israel out of Egypt in about 1513 B.C.E. provided a preview of the far greater deliverance that the Messiah would bring. The fact that Moses was considered anointed in the broader sense shows that the concept of anointing can be realized even when no physical anointing oil is applied, as it is primarily the appointment from Jehovah that matters.

Hospitality and Honor

Anointing the head of a guest was deemed an honorable gesture in ancient Israel, underscoring hospitality. (Psalm 23:5) The custom signified esteem for the visitor. Jesus highlighted this cultural courtesy when he reproved a Pharisee who had not given him the welcome of greasing his head or washing his feet. By contrast, a woman who anointed Jesus’ feet with oil displayed the same esteem. (Luke 7:46) This cultural setting clarifies why it was so significant that Jesus taught his disciples to carry themselves modestly. Anointing their heads in private times of fasting was a way to avoid outward show.

Spiritual Sickness and Figurative Anointing

James’ counsel to believers discusses the greasing of sick individuals “in the name of Jehovah” by the older men of the congregation. (James 5:14) The context implies spiritual rather than purely physical sickness, as James speaks of sins being forgiven the afflicted one. This figurative anointing stands as a spiritual remedy. Prayer in faith and wise Scriptural direction from elders become the means by which a repentant Christian regains spiritual health. That image, derived from the real properties of oil as soothing and beneficial, underscores God’s compassion.

The Role of Jehu, Hazael, and Elisha

Jehovah once directed Elijah to anoint Hazael, Jehu, and Elisha. (1 Kings 19:15-16) Hazael was to become king over Syria, while Jehu would succeed over Israel. Elisha was to be a prophet in place of Elijah. The text records the anointing of Jehu with literal oil by one of Elisha’s prophetic attendants. (2 Kings 9:1-6) Hazael and Elisha, however, never received literal anointing with oil. Still, the command to anoint them conveyed that they had divinely bestowed appointments for their tasks. This further shows that “anointing” may refer to the authoritative choice by Jehovah, rather than always a physical ceremony.

Anointing and the Messiah’s Fulfillment

The integral thread of anointing forms the basis for recognizing Jesus as the Christ. Prophecy from the Hebrew Scriptures pointed forward to a figure who would be anointed above all others. (Psalm 45:7) Jesus fits that identity, and the Holy Spirit that descended upon him at the Jordan River signified the full measure of God’s selection. Hence, his entire ministry bore undeniable proof that he was indeed the Messiah. He cured illnesses and preached the Kingdom, all as demonstrations of his authoritative anointing. (Luke 4:18-19)

Later, Jesus’ disciples preached everywhere that the Messiah had come. They testified that his anointing was not symbolic only, but the real overshadowing of Jehovah’s power, proven through miraculous acts and culminating in his resurrection in 33 C.E. Christ ascended to sit at the right hand of Jehovah, enthroned as the heavenly King. (Acts 2:32-36) In doing so, he brought the anointing theme to its completion. Earthly anointings of kings, priests, and prophets had their limitations and were mere reflections of this perfect heavenly reality.

Sacred Devotion and Fear of Jehovah

David’s reverence for Jehovah’s anointed remains a powerful example. Although Saul had lost divine favor due to disobedience, David repeatedly refused to harm him. (1 Samuel 24:6) David showed fear of Jehovah, recognizing that the anointing placed Saul under divine jurisdiction rather than man’s. Similar respect for God’s arrangement is seen in how Scripture counsels believers to handle serious congregational issues with gentleness and adherence to biblical principles, even when dealing with those holding positions of responsibility. (Hebrews 13:17)

David learned to wait on Jehovah’s timing and judgment, a principle that guided his life. Later, David himself was the recipient of the same anointing to be king. (2 Samuel 2:4) He humbly acknowledged the divine source of his office, attributing no credit to himself. Even though he was anointed three times, each ceremony served as a confirmation of the divine appointment. The foundation of David’s kingship, therefore, was his humility before Jehovah.

Priestly Anointing and Foreshadowing

Aaron’s anointing as high priest signified a station dedicated to offering sacrifices on Israel’s behalf. The priests, serving under him, participated in that sacrificial system by handling offerings prescribed in the Mosaic Law. Aaron alone received the full measure of sacred oil poured on his head, distinguishing his role from the ordinary priesthood. (Leviticus 8:12) The significance of such anointing pointed prophetically to the need for a perfect high priest. Jesus fulfilled that hope in every respect, including his sinless nature and once-for-all sacrifice.

The writer of Hebrews draws out the parallels between the Levitical high priesthood and the surpassing priesthood of Christ. (Hebrews 7:26) Although the anointing of the high priest was essential for the Mosaic covenant, the ultimate spiritual transaction would occur once the Messiah brought better promises. That new covenant, mediated by Christ, reveals the superiority of an eternal High Priest who serves “in the heavenly places.” (Hebrews 8:1-2)

Oil in the Middle East and Its Symbolic Lessons

Middle Eastern climates made oil a necessity, offering sun protection and bodily refreshment. (Ruth 3:3) Over time, the Scriptures utilized the imagery of oil to teach important lessons about the Spirit’s role in fortifying believers. Even as oil lessened physical discomfort, the Holy Spirit strengthens and refreshes those who faithfully seek divine guidance in God’s Word. Those who refused to anoint themselves, as when Daniel fasted, signaled an attitude of mourning or deep supplication. (Daniel 10:2-3)

While oil was the literal substance, Scripture layers it with spiritual meaning. Jesus, conscious of the overemphasis placed on ritualistic outward shows by the Pharisees, urged his disciples to maintain a normal appearance when fasting. (Matthew 6:16-17) This counsel freed them from the hypocrisy of self-righteous demonstrations. Real devotion would stem from sincerity in prayer and scriptural obedience, not dramatic outward piety.

Spiritual Vision and Enlightenment

The call to be anointed in a spiritual sense also entails deepening one’s perception of divine truth. Jesus’ reference to eyesalve in Revelation 3:18 metaphorically aligns with anointing. It indicated that Christians should earnestly seek clarity and insight through the Word of God, guided by the Spirit-empowered Scriptures, not by personal charisma or human philosophy. Pride or lukewarm faith could only be healed by welcoming the counsel and correction that Christ offered.

An individual who seeks the real meaning of anointing must recognize that it embodies Jehovah’s choice and equipping of a person or group for a specific task. The emphasis is never on an external oil but on the authority and power from God. Anointing, then, resonates with both reverence and responsibility. Whether it was the Old Testament figures or the apostles of Christ, the unifying truth remains that appointment by God is validated and sustained by divine sanction, not merely a ritual.

Joy and Gladness Associated with Anointing

Scripture includes an image of anointing that brings exultation. Psalm 45:7, applied to Christ at Hebrews 1:9, mentions that he was anointed with “the oil of exultation more than [his] companions.” Oil frequently carried the connotation of joy, representing refreshment and abundance. When the Proverb states that a joyful heart makes the face shine, the comparison might echo the pleasant radiance oil can give. Yet the ultimate joy in Christ’s anointing far exceeds any earthly cause for celebration. His coronation in the heavens granted him the position of universal rulership under Jehovah. That supreme appointment is a source of gladness for all who acknowledge his kingship.

For anointed believers who share in this calling, there is a corresponding measure of spiritual joy and hope. (Romans 15:13) Though they may face suffering or persecution, they draw confidence from their appointment, trusting that Jehovah’s purpose will triumph. The anointing sets them on the path of proclaiming the good news of the Kingdom and awaiting the full manifestation of Christ’s rule.

Contemplating God’s Sovereignty Through Anointing

The anointing of individuals throughout biblical history reminds us that God interacts with humanity in a personal, purposeful way. He designates kings, priests, prophets, and, supremely, the Messiah, to fulfill specific roles. The existence of sacred ceremonies involving oil demonstrates that the outward act can confirm the inward reality of Jehovah’s choice. By extension, God’s sovereignty is evident in how these appointments align with His prophetic word, revealing a consistent pattern throughout Scripture.

Anointing stands as a testament to God’s meticulous plan, culminating in Jesus Christ’s supreme anointing by Jehovah’s Spirit. Through Christ, all other forms of anointing—whether that of kings, priests, or prophets—find their meaning. Hence, anointing is not a superficial ritual or magical practice, but a demonstration of God’s authority, love, and redemptive purpose. Every faithful believer can honor this reality, respecting Christ’s kingship and following the biblical pattern of seeking divine approval through Christ rather than relying on any ceremonial method or the traditions of men.

The deeper lesson in anointing is that those called to any position of responsibility under Jehovah must heed His Word. (2 Corinthians 3:5-6) This outlook cultivates humility, ensuring that one’s standing depends on God’s appointment rather than human acclaim. Whether it involved kings in ancient Israel or disciples of Christ set apart for a spiritual inheritance, the core principle is that Jehovah designates, qualifies, and directs His servants through the channel He chooses.

Conclusion

The biblical record of anointing reveals far more than an ancient ritual. It guides us to appreciate that whenever Jehovah anoints, He appoints with purpose. This principle is confirmed by the wealth of Scriptural references showing that literal oil often signified a deeper spiritual or divine sanction. Whether the context is everyday grooming in the Middle East, the consecration of Israel’s priesthood, or the appointment of kings, the enduring message is that Jehovah directs and confirms who is chosen to accomplish His will.

Jesus Christ is the supreme example of an anointed One, receiving the Holy Spirit as the perfect validation of his roles as King, Prophet, and High Priest. Through him, the Christian congregation inherits a share in that anointing by Spirit, not through any sacramental oil, but by a spiritual bestowal that enlists believers to preach, teach, and practice God’s truth. The unity of anointed believers arises from a faith grounded in Scripture and Christ’s ongoing headship.

Anointing thus illuminates the nature of divine appointments. Recognizing this scriptural foundation guards against attributing mystical or self-appointed authority to mere ceremony. Genuine anointing is always rooted in Jehovah’s will. Whether in Old Testament Israel or the Christian congregation, it underscores the immovable truth that God alone sets individuals apart for His service, equipping them with the guidance of His Spirit, as revealed by the inspired Word.

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About the Author

EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. He has authored over 220+ books. In addition, Andrews is the Chief Translator of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV).