Primary Hebrew witnesses and ancient versions show a stable Old Testament text from First Temple artifacts through the Masoretic codices.
The Goal of Old Testament Textual Criticism: Establishing the Original Words Without the Autographs
Recover the original words of the Old Testament without autographs by weighing the Masoretic Text with early Hebrew and versions that corroborate it.
OLD TESTAMENT TEXTUAL STUDIES: The Aramaic Targums
The “Targums” were loose translations or paraphrases of the Hebrew Old Testament Scriptures into Aramaic. Although fragments of the early Targums of some books were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Jewish Targums as a whole likely found their current form no sooner than about the fifth century C.E.

